Water Notes
- Solute is the dissolved substance
- Solvent is the substance that does the dissolving
- •Cohesion is when water attracts other water molecules due to polarity properties
- •Adhesion is water being attracted to other things
•Surface tension is when water is pulled together creating surface area - •Capillary action is water going upwards because it has both adhesive and cohesive properties
- •High heat capacity is when the temp. is raised, the speed of molecules increase.
•More energy is required to raise the temp. of water, because H bonds are the ones holding water molecules together - Water is more dense as a liquid
Water Cycle Web Quest
Where is Earth’s Water?
1. What does it mean that the Earth is a closed system, like a terrarium?
2. How does water the water amount from millions of years ago compare to today’s water amount?
3. Out of all the water on Earth, what percentage is usable by humans? 2.5%
4. Of the water usable by humans, where is the largest percentage of that water found?
5. Complete the following diagram:
6. Of the freshwater, where is most of the water tied up?
7. Of the remaining freshwater, where is the largest majority of that water found?
8. What percentage of freshwater is found as surface water?
9. Compare the amount of freshwater to the amount of saltwater in cubic kilometers:
How Much Water Is There?
1. How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by water? 71%
2. Besides the ocean, where else does water exist? Water vapor, rivers, lakes, glaciers and aquifers.
3. Where does most of the water people and other life on Earth come from?
4. Compare the amount of groundwater to surface water: Groundwater= 20, while surface water= 80%
5. What term is used for the storage place of groundwater? Aquifers
6. How is groundwater recharged? When precipitation seeps into the ground.
7. How does groundwater recharge rivers? Also through seepage.
8. In 2005, how much surface water did the United States use? We used 328 billion gallons of water per day.
9. In the same time period, how much groundwater did people use? 82.6 billion gallons per day.
The Water Cycle
1. What is another term used for the water cycle? The hydrologic cycle
Atmosphere
1. Which two processes changes liquid water into vapor which then rises into the atmosphere? Evaporation and transpiration.
2. Which process produces the majority of the vapor in the atmosphere? Evaporation
3. What percentage of vapor does transpiration add to the atmosphere? 10% is transpiration that comes from plant life.
4. If all the water in the atmosphere rained down and covered the Earth, how deep would it be? About 1 inch.
Condensation
1. Define condensation: When water vapor in the atmosphere is changed into liquid.
2. Why is condensation an important part of the water cycle? Its role is to form the clouds.
3. Besides clouds, what else can happen due to condensation? It returns back down to the surface of the Earth.
Evaporation
1. Define evaporation: When water forms from a liquid to a vapor or gaseous state.
2. Where does most of the evaporated water come from?
3. What is necessary in order for evaporation to occur? Heat.
4. What percentage of the water evaporated from the ocean is transported over land and falls as precipitation? About 10%.
5. How long does an evaporated water molecule stay in the air? About 10 days.
Evapotranspiration
1. According to this website, define evapotranspiration: (beneath the diagram) It is the sum of evaporation from the surface plus plant transpiration.
2. Define transpiration: The release of water from the leaves of plants.
3. How much water in the atmosphere is due to transpiration: About 10%.
4. How does a plant transpire? When the water evaporates from the surface of the leaf.
5. How much can an oak tree transpire during one day? 40,000 gallons
Freshwater Storage
1. What bodies of water does surface water include: Ponds, lakes, streams, canals, freshwater wetlands and reservoirs.
2. What processes are included in “inflows” to surface water? Precipitation, overland runoff, groundwater seepage, and tributary inflows.
3. What processes are included in “outflows” of surface water? Evaporation, water into groundwater movement, and withdraws made by humans.
Groundwater Discharge
1. Describe why groundwater is an important part of the water cycle: It is used for consumption and irrigation.
2. Where is the majority of groundwater found? Between subsurface materials and rocks.
3. When are aquifers formed? The spaces between rock particles and soil are flooded with water.
4. Explain how water becomes part of the groundwater: The precipitation that falls onto the surface of the land is then infiltrating the ground beneath us, thus ground water.
5. What percentage of freshwater is groundwater? 30.1%
Groundwater Storage
1. Where does most of the water in groundwater come from? From precipitation that seeps into the ground.
2. Describe the difference between the saturated zone and the unsaturated zone: Unsaturated zones are in the upper layer of soil where water is stored for varying amounts of time, changing over time. Saturated zones are below the unsaturated zones, where the spaces left between rocks, cracks, and pores are covered in water.
3. What is the water table? Above the surface where groundwater occurs.
4. To what level would you have to dig to find water? The saturated zone.
4. Label the diagram below:
Ice, Snow, and Glaciers
1. What is meat by storage, in relation to the water cycle?
2. Where is the 90% of Earth’s ice mass found? In Antarctica
3. Where is the rest of it found? Greenland
4. What majority of freshwater is held in ice caps and glaciers? 68.7%
Infiltration
1. What is happening to water during infiltration?
2. What happens to water that infiltrates the shallow soil layer? The water will move vertically and horizontally through the subsurface material and soil, the seeping into a stream into a stream bank.
3. What happens to the water that infiltrates deeper? The aquifers are then recharged.
4. What is the greatest factor affecting infiltration? Precipitation.
5. What happens to rain, once the soil is saturated?
Oceans
1. What percentage of water is found in the ocean? 70%
2. What percentage of evaporated water comes from the ocean? 90%
Precipitation
1. What forms of water can precipitation take? Visible clouds
2. How does most precipitation fall?
3. What has to happen before water can fall as precipitation?
4. How do water droplets grow?
Springs
1. What are springs a result of? Of an aquifer being filled up to where the water overflows, then the water is above the earth's surface.
Streamflow
1. How does USGS define streamflow? An amount of water in a river.
2. What is a stream?
3. Why do rivers exist?
4. Where does water generally seek to flow?
5. What percentage of freshwater is found in rivers? 0.002%
Sublimation
1. What is sublimation?
2. What is sublimation, in relation to the water cycle?
3. When does sublimation occur?
4. Where on Earth does sublimation happen a lot?
5. What is a Chinook Wind and where do they occur?
Surface Runoff
1. What is surface runoff?
2. When does runoff occur?
1. What does it mean that the Earth is a closed system, like a terrarium?
2. How does water the water amount from millions of years ago compare to today’s water amount?
3. Out of all the water on Earth, what percentage is usable by humans? 2.5%
4. Of the water usable by humans, where is the largest percentage of that water found?
5. Complete the following diagram:
6. Of the freshwater, where is most of the water tied up?
7. Of the remaining freshwater, where is the largest majority of that water found?
8. What percentage of freshwater is found as surface water?
9. Compare the amount of freshwater to the amount of saltwater in cubic kilometers:
How Much Water Is There?
1. How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by water? 71%
2. Besides the ocean, where else does water exist? Water vapor, rivers, lakes, glaciers and aquifers.
3. Where does most of the water people and other life on Earth come from?
4. Compare the amount of groundwater to surface water: Groundwater= 20, while surface water= 80%
5. What term is used for the storage place of groundwater? Aquifers
6. How is groundwater recharged? When precipitation seeps into the ground.
7. How does groundwater recharge rivers? Also through seepage.
8. In 2005, how much surface water did the United States use? We used 328 billion gallons of water per day.
9. In the same time period, how much groundwater did people use? 82.6 billion gallons per day.
The Water Cycle
1. What is another term used for the water cycle? The hydrologic cycle
Atmosphere
1. Which two processes changes liquid water into vapor which then rises into the atmosphere? Evaporation and transpiration.
2. Which process produces the majority of the vapor in the atmosphere? Evaporation
3. What percentage of vapor does transpiration add to the atmosphere? 10% is transpiration that comes from plant life.
4. If all the water in the atmosphere rained down and covered the Earth, how deep would it be? About 1 inch.
Condensation
1. Define condensation: When water vapor in the atmosphere is changed into liquid.
2. Why is condensation an important part of the water cycle? Its role is to form the clouds.
3. Besides clouds, what else can happen due to condensation? It returns back down to the surface of the Earth.
Evaporation
1. Define evaporation: When water forms from a liquid to a vapor or gaseous state.
2. Where does most of the evaporated water come from?
3. What is necessary in order for evaporation to occur? Heat.
4. What percentage of the water evaporated from the ocean is transported over land and falls as precipitation? About 10%.
5. How long does an evaporated water molecule stay in the air? About 10 days.
Evapotranspiration
1. According to this website, define evapotranspiration: (beneath the diagram) It is the sum of evaporation from the surface plus plant transpiration.
2. Define transpiration: The release of water from the leaves of plants.
3. How much water in the atmosphere is due to transpiration: About 10%.
4. How does a plant transpire? When the water evaporates from the surface of the leaf.
5. How much can an oak tree transpire during one day? 40,000 gallons
Freshwater Storage
1. What bodies of water does surface water include: Ponds, lakes, streams, canals, freshwater wetlands and reservoirs.
2. What processes are included in “inflows” to surface water? Precipitation, overland runoff, groundwater seepage, and tributary inflows.
3. What processes are included in “outflows” of surface water? Evaporation, water into groundwater movement, and withdraws made by humans.
Groundwater Discharge
1. Describe why groundwater is an important part of the water cycle: It is used for consumption and irrigation.
2. Where is the majority of groundwater found? Between subsurface materials and rocks.
3. When are aquifers formed? The spaces between rock particles and soil are flooded with water.
4. Explain how water becomes part of the groundwater: The precipitation that falls onto the surface of the land is then infiltrating the ground beneath us, thus ground water.
5. What percentage of freshwater is groundwater? 30.1%
Groundwater Storage
1. Where does most of the water in groundwater come from? From precipitation that seeps into the ground.
2. Describe the difference between the saturated zone and the unsaturated zone: Unsaturated zones are in the upper layer of soil where water is stored for varying amounts of time, changing over time. Saturated zones are below the unsaturated zones, where the spaces left between rocks, cracks, and pores are covered in water.
3. What is the water table? Above the surface where groundwater occurs.
4. To what level would you have to dig to find water? The saturated zone.
4. Label the diagram below:
Ice, Snow, and Glaciers
1. What is meat by storage, in relation to the water cycle?
2. Where is the 90% of Earth’s ice mass found? In Antarctica
3. Where is the rest of it found? Greenland
4. What majority of freshwater is held in ice caps and glaciers? 68.7%
Infiltration
1. What is happening to water during infiltration?
2. What happens to water that infiltrates the shallow soil layer? The water will move vertically and horizontally through the subsurface material and soil, the seeping into a stream into a stream bank.
3. What happens to the water that infiltrates deeper? The aquifers are then recharged.
4. What is the greatest factor affecting infiltration? Precipitation.
5. What happens to rain, once the soil is saturated?
Oceans
1. What percentage of water is found in the ocean? 70%
2. What percentage of evaporated water comes from the ocean? 90%
Precipitation
1. What forms of water can precipitation take? Visible clouds
2. How does most precipitation fall?
3. What has to happen before water can fall as precipitation?
4. How do water droplets grow?
Springs
1. What are springs a result of? Of an aquifer being filled up to where the water overflows, then the water is above the earth's surface.
Streamflow
1. How does USGS define streamflow? An amount of water in a river.
2. What is a stream?
3. Why do rivers exist?
4. Where does water generally seek to flow?
5. What percentage of freshwater is found in rivers? 0.002%
Sublimation
1. What is sublimation?
2. What is sublimation, in relation to the water cycle?
3. When does sublimation occur?
4. Where on Earth does sublimation happen a lot?
5. What is a Chinook Wind and where do they occur?
Surface Runoff
1. What is surface runoff?
2. When does runoff occur?